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破解英语阅读理解推断题(推断作者意图)

在中考阅读理解的推理判断题中,除了“推断隐含意义”外,推断作者意图也是另一大重点。这不仅仅是理解作者的主旨,更是解读文章背后深层的写作动机和目的。文章中的每一段、每一句话、甚至每一个词汇,都可能是作者精心设计的线索,引导我们逐步走向作者的真实意图。

1. 推断作者意图的方法

推理判断题中的推断作者意图,要求我们理解作者写作的目的,并从中推测出为什么作者要采取这种表达方式。文章的意图往往与作者的情感、态度、语言风格以及文章结构紧密相关。作者的写作目的通常可以分为以下几类:

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  • 论述文:如果文章旨在阐述某个观点或论证某个命题,作者的目的是为了证明某个论点的正确性,或通过详细分析支持某个结论。文章中可能包含大量的证据、数据、事实和逻辑推理,推理过程中我们要专注于识别作者的论证方式。

  • 说明文:若文章目的是解释某个事物或现象,作者通常会采用清晰简洁的语言,详细地介绍某个概念、定义或过程。此类文章的意图是传达信息,帮助读者理解一个具体的事实或原理。

  • 记叙文:记叙文通常通过讲述故事或分享个人经历来传递情感和观点。文章中的人物、事件和环境往往具有深层的象征意义,作者通过这些元素表达某种情感或人生哲理。

  • 广告应用文:广告类文章的目的是促销某种产品或服务,吸引读者的注意力并激发消费欲望。在推理判断题中,识别这类意图的关键是注意文章的营销语言和宣传策略。

  • 新闻报道类:新闻报道的核心目的是提供事实,传递信息。作者通常对事件进行客观报道,并提出自己的见解。推测作者意图时,我们要特别关注其对事件的态度和立场。

2. 推断作者意图时的思路

推理时,第一步是从文章的整体结构和写作风格入手,理解作者所选的表达方式与其目的之间的关系。接着,分析文章中的具体细节和语言风格,推测出作者为何选择这种方式表达观点。

  • 注意文章开头和结尾:文章的开头常常概括文章的主旨,而结尾通常总结作者的核心观点或提出行动呼吁。理解这两个部分的内容对于推断作者意图至关重要。

  • 分析文章的论证方式:当文章通过举例、数据、对比等方式支撑论点时,推测其意图就是要引导我们理解某个观点或事实。此时,考生可以通过分析文中提供的证据来推测出作者意图。

  • 感情色彩的运用:在文章中,作者的情感往往通过特定的措辞、句式、语气来表达。例如,作者在文章中使用了“沮丧”、“愤怒”、“欣喜”这样的词语时,通常暗示了作者对某个事件或人物的情感态度。如果文章中大量使用褒义词或贬义词,我们就能通过这些情感色彩来判断作者的态度。假如文章中描述一个受害者时,使用了“无助的哭声”和“悲惨的结局”,这些词汇带有强烈的负面情感,说明作者可能在表达对社会不公的愤怒或对某些问题的批判。如果同一篇文章描述一个成功的人物时,用了“充满希望的眼神”和“灿烂的笑容”,则表明作者对这个人物有积极的评价,意图是传递乐观向上的情感。

3. 示例

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and  new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad  news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer  ones that do the same things.…

What does the author think of new devices?

AThey are environment­friendly.

BThey are no better than the old.

CThey cost more to use at home.

DThey go out of style quickly.

[解题示范]

题干信息

What does the author think of:作者态度

new devices:新设备

文体特点

科技说明文:一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。

原文查找

That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

信息整合

做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)

旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)

旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)

信息推断

上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论,故新设备可以克服以上缺点。

选项分析

A.新设备是环保的(They are environment­friendly);属于正确信息推断。

B.新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old);属于无中生有型错误。

C.新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home);属于无中生有型错误。

D.新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly);属于曲解文意型错误。

得出结论

由以上信息分析可知,A项正确。

4. 演练
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes ( 基因 ), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.

What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?

A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.

B. Recent findings of human origin.

C. New knowledge of human evolution. 

D. Significance of food selection.

分析选项:

1. 曲解文意

A选项(Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers)存在曲解文意的情况。虽然文章确实提到了牧牛人群的适应性进化,但文章的重点是“人类的进化不仅仅发生在远古时期”,而是持续发生的,且举了多个例子(如高原适应、Bajau群体的进化)。A选项的范围过于狭窄,专注于牧牛人群的适应,曲解了文章的整体主题,即探讨了多个关于适应性进化的例子。因此,A选项没有准确反映文章的内容。

2. 张冠李戴

B选项(Recent findings of human origin)属于张冠李戴。文章讨论的是“人类进化的新发现”,特别是最近几千年内的适应性进化,而不是“人类起源”。选项B将焦点错误地放在了人类的起源上,与文章的核心内容偏离,因此是对原文意思的错误理解。

3. 扩缩范围

D选项(Significance of food selection)在某种程度上做了扩缩范围的调整。虽然文章提到了牛奶消化能力的进化,但是文章并没有讨论“食物选择的重要性”。它关注的是“适应性进化”这一更广泛的话题,而D选项过于局限,忽略了文章探讨的更广泛的进化适应内容。选项D通过将重点缩小到“食物选择”,误导了考生。

结论:

通过分析可以看出,C选项(New knowledge of human evolution)是最准确的选择。它准确地概括了文章的主旨,即人类进化的新知识,尤其是最近几千年内的适应性进化。

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